footnote143
Negative coefficient values favor the intervention group.
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS)
Model effectiveness research report last updated: 2019
Effects shown in research
Positive parenting practices
Findings rated high
271
PALS Toddler/Preschooler
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contingent responsiveness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.52 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Maintaining child foci | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.03 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Positive affect (of mother with child) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.15 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Redirecting child foci | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.42 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Verbal encouragement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.41 | Not applicable | Not reported | Study reported = 0.25 | Statistically significant, p =.01 | |
| Verbal scaffolding | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.13 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Warm sensitivity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.37 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
271
PALS Toddler/Preschooler
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comments | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.24 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.98 |
| General verbal support | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.77 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.96 |
| Language facilitation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.47 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.13 |
| Open prompts | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.53 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.27 |
| Percent time only reading text | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.44 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.07 |
| Praise and encourage | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.19 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.46 |
| Responsiveness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.53 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.22 |
272
PALS Infant + Toddler/Preschooler
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| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contingent responsiveness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.64 | Not applicable | Not reported | Study reported = 0.51 | Statistically significant, p = 0.02 | |
| Maintaining child foci | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.00 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Positive affect (of mother with child) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.26 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Redirecting child foci | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.61 | Not applicable | Not reported | Study reported = 0.39 | Statistically significant, p = 0.01 | footnote145Negative coefficient values indicate a favorable outcome. |
| Verbal encouragement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.08 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Verbal scaffolding | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.06 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Warm sensitivity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I and PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.34 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 |
272
PALS Infant + Toddler/Preschooler
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comments | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.14 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.87 |
| General verbal support | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.44 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.89 |
| Language facilitation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.10 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Statistically significant, p = 0.03 |
| Open prompts | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.24 | Not applicable | Not reported | Study reported = 0.38 | Statistically significant, p = 0.03 |
| Percent time only reading text | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.12 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.26 |
| Praise and encourage | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.14 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p > 0.05 |
| Responsiveness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I*PALS II | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.24 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.08 |
273
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contingent Responsiveness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | PALS I vs. DAS | 241 mother/child dyads | Coefficient = 0.77 | Coefficient = 0.99 | Not reported | Study reported = 0.93 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 | footnote141Lower parameter value indicates a better score. The p-values are study reported. |
| Harshness of Voice Tone | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | PALS I vs. DAS | 241 mother/child dyads | Coefficient = 0.07 | Coefficient = 0.12 | Not reported | Study reported = 0.28 | Statistically significant, p = 0.02 | footnote141Lower parameter value indicates a better score. The p-values are study reported. |
| Labeling Actions | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | PALS I vs. DAS | 241 mother/child dyads | Coefficient = -8.94 | Coefficient = -9.20 | Not reported | Study reported = 0.63 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 | footnote141Lower parameter value indicates a better score. The p-values are study reported. |
| Labeling Objects | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | PALS I vs. DAS | 241 mother/child dyads | Coefficient = -5.47 | Coefficient = -5.86 | Not reported | Study reported = 0.71 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 | footnote141Lower parameter value indicates a better score. The p-values are study reported. |
| Maintaining Infant Foci of Attention | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | PALS I vs. DAS | 241 mother/child dyads | Coefficient = 13.21 | Coefficient = 12.40 | Not reported | Study reported = 0.36 | Not statistically significant, p = 0.08 | footnote142The p-values are study reported. |
| Physical Intrusiveness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | PALS I vs. DAS | 241 mother/child dyads | Coefficient = 0.44 | Coefficient = 0.51 | Not reported | Study reported = 0.50 | Statistically significant, p = 0.01 | footnote141Lower parameter value indicates a better score. The p-values are study reported. |
| Redirecting Infant Foci of Attention | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | PALS I vs. DAS | 241 mother/child dyads | Coefficient = 1.14 | Coefficient = 1.57 | Not reported | Study reported = 1.31 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 | footnote141Lower parameter value indicates a better score. The p-values are study reported. |
| Verbal Encouragement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | PALS I vs. DAS | 241 mother/child dyads | Coefficient = 0.67 | Coefficient = 0.24 | Not reported | Study reported = 0.71 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 | footnote142The p-values are study reported. |
| Verbal Scaffolding | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | PALS I vs. DAS | 241 mother/child dyads | Coefficient = 0.41 | Coefficient = -0.08 | Not reported | Study reported = 0.79 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 | footnote142The p-values are study reported. |
| Warm Sensitivity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
12 months | PALS I vs. DAS | 241 mother/child dyads | Coefficient = 0.74 | Coefficient = 0.90 | Not reported | Study reported = 0.49 | Statistically significant, p < 0.01 | footnote141Lower parameter value indicates a better score. The p-values are study reported. |
273
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contingent responsiveness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.51 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Maintaining child foci | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.06 | Not applicable | Not reported | Study reported = 0.32 | Statistically significant, p = 0.04 | footnote143Negative coefficient values favor the intervention group. |
| Positive affect (of mother with child) | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.34 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Redirecting child foci | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.52 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Statistically significant, p < 0.05 | footnote144Positive coefficient values indicate an unfavorable outcome. |
| Verbal encouragement | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.60 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Verbal scaffolding | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = 0.10 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05 | |
| Warm sensitivity | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | growth curve coefficient = -0.35 | Not applicable | Not reported | Study reported = 0.29 | Statistically significant, p = 0.02 | footnote143Negative coefficient values favor the intervention group. |
273
Play and Learning Strategies (PALS) Infant
Show findings details
| Outcome measure | Effect | Follow-up timing | Sample | Sample size | Intervention group | Comparison group | Group difference | Effect size | Statistical significance |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comments | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.23 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.51 |
| General verbal support | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.48 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.59 |
| Language facilitation | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.11 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.41 |
| Open prompts | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.02 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.87 |
| Percent time only reading text | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.30 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.26 |
| Praise and encourage | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = -0.12 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.51 |
| Responsiveness | FavorableUnfavorable or ambiguousNo Effect |
3 months after program end | PALS I | 166 mother/child dyads | Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) coefficient = 0.02 | Not applicable | Not reported | Not available | Not statistically significant, p = 0.35 |